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{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name               = Ankara
| official_name      = 
| settlement_type    = [[Capital city]] and [[Metropolitan municipalities in Turkey|metropolitan municipality]]
| image_skyline      = {{multiple image|total_width=280px|perrow=1/2/2|border=infobox|caption_align = center
| image1                          = Ankara from bus station.jpg
| caption1                        = [[Söğütözü]] central business district
| image2                          = Ankara_asv2021-10_img15_Atakule.jpg
| caption2                        = [[Atakule]]
| image3                          = Ankara_asv2021-10_img04_Anıtkabir.jpg
| caption3                        = [[Anıtkabir]]         
| image4                          = Ankara asv2021-10 img40 Kocatepe Mosque.jpg
| caption4                        = [[Kocatepe Mosque]]
| image5                          = Millet_Kütüphanesi.jpg
| caption5                        = [[Presidential Library (Turkey)|Presidential Library]]
}}
| nickname           = Heart of Turkey<br />{{small|({{langx|tr|Türkiye'nin Kalbi}})}}
| map_caption        = Location of Ankara within Turkey
| pushpin_map        = Turkey#Asia<!-- Ankara is located in Central Anatolia, in the Asian part of Turkey. Do not change this to Europe without discussing it on the talk page, changes made without consensus will be reverted. -->
| pushpin_label_position = <!-- the position of the pushpin label: left, right, top, bottom, none -->
| pushpin_map_caption = Location within Turkey
| pushpin_relief     = 1
| coordinates        = {{coord|39|55|48|N|32|51|00|E|region:TR|display=inline,title}}
| image_flag         = 
| subdivision_type   = Country
| subdivision_name   = {{flag|Turkey}}
| subdivision_type1  = [[List of regions of Turkey|Region]]
| subdivision_type2  = [[Provinces of Turkey|Province]]
| subdivision_name1  = [[Central Anatolia Region|Central Anatolia]]
| subdivision_name2  = [[Ankara Province|Ankara]]
| parts_type         = Districts
| parts              = [[Ankara Province#Districts|25]]
| leader_party       = [[Republican People's Party|CHP]]
| leader_title       = Mayor
| leader_name        = [[Mansur Yavaş]]
| leader_title1      = Governor
| leader_name1       = [[Vasip Şahin]]
| area_footnotes     = {{efn|1=Ankara Province / Metropolitan municipality [25,653.46&nbsp;km² (including lake)<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/343221023 |title=The Case Of Ankara Province (25,653.46 km²) |last1=İlker |first1=Alan |last2=Zerrin |first2=Demirörs |last3=Rüya |first3=Bayar |last4=Kerime |first4=Karabacak |publisher=International Journal of Geography and Geography Education (IGGE), 42; pg.650–667 |date=10 June 2020 |work=Ankara University (www.ankara.edu.tr)}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=İl ve İlçe Yüz Ölçümleri – Ankara Province (25,632 km²) |url=https://www.harita.gov.tr/uploads/files/products/il-ve-ilce-yuzolcumleri-1291.xlsx |publisher=Harita Genel Müdürlüğü (HGM) |website=www.harita.gov.tr |date=2014}}</ref><ref  name="Gölbaşı1">{{cite web |title=Gölbaşı (1,508.61 km²) – Ankara Province (25,575.94 km²) (pg.3) |url=https://webdosya.csb.gov.tr/db/ankara/duyurular/golbasi-ock-cdp_arastirma-ve-plan-aciklama-raporu-20200325140218.pdf |publisher=T.C. Çevre, Şehircilik ve İklim Değişikliği Bakanlığı |website=www.csb.gov.tr |date=2020}}</ref> / 24,521&nbsp;km² (excluding lake), according to the Turkish Statistical Institute – TÜİK] is a province ({{lang|tr|il}}) of Turkey which has [[Ankara Province#Districts|25 districts]] ({{lang|tr|ilçe}}), and 9 of these districts form the urban area of Ankara city (4,130.2&nbsp;km² including lake).<ref name="citypopulation.de">{{cite web |title=Ankara City: the population and area of the districts |url=http://www.citypopulation.de/en/turkey/ankaracity/ |publisher=CityPopulation.de}}</ref><br />Altındağ = 158.2&nbsp;km² <br />Çankaya = 454.2&nbsp;km² <br />Etimesgut = 283.2&nbsp;km² <br />Gölbaşı = 1,508.6&nbsp;km² (a small area is part of the city proper)<ref  name="Gölbaşı1" /><br />Keçiören = 152.2&nbsp;km² <br />Mamak = 345.7&nbsp;km² <br />Pursaklar = 133.7&nbsp;km² <br />Sincan = 862.3&nbsp;km² <br />Yenimahalle = 232.1&nbsp;km²}}
| area_urban_km2     = 4,130.2
| area_metro_km2     = 25,632
| elevation_m        = 938
| population_total   = 5,803,482
| population_rank    = [[List of cities in Turkey|2nd in Turkey]]
| population_urban   = 5,165,783
| population_as_of   = 31 December 2023
| population_footnotes = <ref name="Population of Turkey">{{cite web |url=https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=The-Results-of-Address-Based-Population-Registration-System-2023-49684&dil=2 |title=The Results of Address Based Population Registration System, 2023 |publisher=[[Turkish Statistical Institute]] |website=www.tuik.gov.tr |date=6 February 2024 |access-date=11 August 2024}}</ref> <!-- do not add update figure as that stat is only published once a year due to legal reasons -->
| population_urban_footnotes = <ref name="citypopulation.de"/><ref>{{cite web |url=https://cip.tuik.gov.tr/ |format=the year is updated |publisher=[[Turkish Statistical Institute]] |website=www.tuik.gov.tr |title=Nüfus ve Demografi – Toplam Nüfus |access-date=8 February 2023}}</ref>
| population_density_urban_km2 = 1,251
| population_density_metro_km2 = 237
| demographics_type1 = GDP {{Nobold|(nominal, 2022)}}
| demographics1_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web|url=https://cip.tuik.gov.tr/ |format=GDP calculated gdp per capita*population |title=Ulusal Hesaplar – Kişi başına GSYH ($) [National Accounts – GDP per capita ($)] |publisher=[[Turkish Statistical Institute]] |website=www.tuik.gov.tr |access-date=8 December 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Gross-Domestic-Product-by-Provinces-2022-45867&dil=2 |title=Gross Domestic Product by Provinces, 2022 (Tables 1 and 3) |publisher=[[Turkish Statistical Institute]] |website=www.tuik.gov.tr |date=7 December 2023 |access-date=8 December 2023}}</ref>
| demographics1_title1 = [[Capital city]] and [[Metropolitan municipalities in Turkey|metropolitan municipality]]
| demographics1_info1 = [[Turkish lira|₺]] 1,330 billion<br>[[US$]] 81&nbsp;billion
| demographics1_title2 = [[List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita|Per capita]]
| demographics1_info2 = ₺ 230,677<br>US$ 13,919
| postal_code_type   = [[Postal code]]
| postal_code        = 06xxx
| area_code          = +90 312
| registration_plate = 06
| website            = {{URL|www.ankara.bel.tr}}<br />{{URL|www.ankara.gov.tr}}<!-- http://ankara.ankaram.net/en/ -->
| timezone           = [[Time in Turkey|TRT]]
| utc_offset         = +3
| blank3_info        = 0.855<ref>{{cite web |title=Sub-national HDI – Area Database – Global Data Lab |url=https://hdi.globaldatalab.org/areadata/shdi/ |website=hdi.globaldatalab.org |access-date=26 August 2018 |archive-date=23 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180923120638/https://hdi.globaldatalab.org/areadata/shdi/ |url-status=live }}</ref> – <span style="color:#090;">very high</span>
| image_blank_emblem = 
| blank_emblem_type  = Emblem
| population_demonym = Ankaran<br />([[Turkish language|Turkish]]: ''Ankaralı'')
| image_shield       = 
| flag_alt           = 
}}
'''Ankara'''{{efn|{{IPAc-en|ˈ|æ|ŋ|k|ər|ə}} {{respell|ANG|kər|ə}}, {{IPAc-en|USalso|ˈ|ɑː|ŋ|-}} {{respell|AHNG|kər|ə}};<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.lexico.com/definition/Ankara |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200322182007/https://www.lexico.com/definition/ankara |url-status=dead |archive-date=2020-03-22 |title=Ankara |dictionary=[[Lexico]] UK English Dictionary |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/ankara|title=Ankara|work=[[Collins English Dictionary]]|publisher=[[HarperCollins]]|access-date=30 May 2019|archive-date=6 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190406141135/https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/ankara|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="AHD">{{Cite American Heritage Dictionary|Ankara|access-date=30 May 2019}}</ref><ref name="MerWeb">{{Cite Merriam-Webster|Ankara|access-date=30 May 2019}}</ref> {{IPA|tr|ˈɑŋkɑɾɑ|lang|Ankara pronunciation.ogg}}; abbreviated '''Ank.'''<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.dildernegi.org.tr/TR,278/kisaltmalar-dizelgesi.html | title=Kısaltmalar Dizelgesi }}</ref>}} is the [[capital city]] of [[Turkey]]. Located in the [[Central Anatolia Region|central part]] of [[Anatolia]], the city has a population of 5.1&nbsp;million in its urban center and 5.8&nbsp;million in [[Ankara Province]].<ref name="Population of Turkey"/><ref name="citypopulation.de"/> Ankara is Turkey's [[List of cities in Turkey|second-largest city]] after [[Istanbul]] by population, first by urban area (4,130&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup>), and third by metro area (25,632&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup>).

Serving as the capital of the ancient [[Celts|Celt]]ic state of [[Galatia]] (280–64&nbsp;BC), and later of the [[Roman Empire|Roman]] province with the [[Galatia (Roman province)|same name]] (25&nbsp;BC–7th century), Ankara has various [[Hattians|Hattian]], [[Hittites|Hittite]], [[Lydia]]n, [[Phrygia]]n, [[Galatians (people)|Galatian]], [[Hellenistic civilization|Greek]], [[Achaemenid Empire|Persian]], [[Ancient Rome|Roman]], [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]], and [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] [[archeological site]]s. Ankara was historically known as Ancyra{{efn|{{IPAc-en|æ|n|ˈ|s|aɪ|r|ə}} {{respell|an|SY|rə}}<ref name="AHD"/><ref name="MerWeb"/>}} and Angora.{{efn|{{IPAc-en|æ|ŋ|ˈ|ɡ|ɔːr|ə}} {{respell|ang|GOR|ə}},<ref>[https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/us/Angora "Angora"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190530141549/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/us/Angora |date=30 May 2019 }} (US) and {{Cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.lexico.com/definition/Angora |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200322182003/https://www.lexico.com/definition/angora |url-status=dead |archive-date=2020-03-22 |title=Angora |dictionary=[[Lexico]] UK English Dictionary |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]}}</ref> {{IPAc-en|USalso|ˈ|æ|ŋ|ɡ|ə|r|ə}} {{respell|ANG|gə|rə}}),<ref name="AHD"/>}}<ref>{{cite book |author=Lord Kinross |author-link=Patrick Balfour, 3rd Baron Kinross |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UjiLmz2_EBAC&q=Angora |title=Ataturk: A Biography of Mustafa Kemal, Father of Modern Turkey |publisher=[[William Morrow and Company]] |year=1965 |access-date=13 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210529130818/https://books.google.com/books?id=UjiLmz2_EBAC&q=Angora |archive-date=29 May 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> The Ottomans made the city the capital first of the [[Anatolia Eyalet]] (1393 – late 15th century) and then the [[Ankara Eyalet|Angora Eyalet]] (1827–1864) and the [[Angora Vilayet]] (1867–1922). 

The historical center of Ankara is a rocky hill rising {{convert|150|sp=us|m|ft|sigfig=1|abbr=on}} over the left bank of the [[Ankara River]], a tributary of the [[Sakarya River]]. The hill remains crowned by the ruins of [[Ankara Castle]]. Although few of its outworks have survived, there are well-preserved examples of [[Roman architecture|Roman]] and [[Ottoman architecture]] throughout the city, the most remarkable being the 20&nbsp;BC [[Temple of Augustus and Rome]] that boasts the [[Monumentum Ancyranum]], the inscription recording the {{Lang|la|[[Res Gestae Divi Augusti]]}}.{{sfnp/sandbox|Chisholm|1911|pp=40–41}}

On 23 April 1920, the [[Grand National Assembly of Turkey]] was established in Ankara, which became the headquarters of the [[Turkish National Movement]] during the [[Turkish War of Independence]]. Ankara became the new Turkish capital upon the establishment of the Republic on 29 October 1923, succeeding in this role as the former Turkish capital Istanbul following the [[Defeat and dissolution of the Ottoman Empire|fall of the Ottoman Empire]]. The [[Government of Turkey|government]] is a prominent employer, but Ankara is also an important commercial and industrial city located at the center of Turkey's road and railway networks. The city gave its name to the [[Angora wool]] shorn from [[Angora rabbit]]s, the long-haired [[Angora goat]] (the source of [[mohair]]), and the [[Turkish Angora|Angora cat]]. The area is also known for its pears, honey and [[muscat (grape)|Muscat]] grapes. Although situated in one of the driest regions of Turkey and surrounded mostly by [[steppe]] vegetation (except for the forested areas on the southern periphery), Ankara can be considered a [[green city]] in terms of green areas per inhabitant, at {{convert|72|m2|0|abbr=off|sp=us}} per head.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ankara.bel.tr/AbbSayfalari/hizmet_birimleri/Cevre/kisi_basina_dusen_yesil_alan.aspx |title=Municipality of Ankara: Green areas per head |publisher=Ankara.bel.tr |access-date=29 June 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719022657/http://www.ankara.bel.tr/AbbSayfalari/hizmet_birimleri/Cevre/kisi_basina_dusen_yesil_alan.aspx |archive-date=19 July 2011}}</ref>

== Etymology ==
[[File:Seated Woman of Çatalhöyük on black background.jpg|180px|thumb|[[Seated Woman of Çatalhöyük]] on display at the [[Museum of Anatolian Civilizations]], Ankara]]

The orthography of the name ''Ankara''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Перевод sañkara с санскрита на русский |url=https://translate.academic.ru/sa%C3%B1kara/sa/ru/ |access-date=2022-10-11 |website=Словари и энциклопедии на Академике |language=ru}}</ref> has varied over the ages. It has been identified with the [[Hittites|Hittite]] cult center {{lang|hit-Latn|Ankuwaš}},<!--or Ankuwa, but not Ankuwash--><ref name="qgmpff">{{cite web |url=http://socialscience.tjc.edu/mkho/fulbright/1998/turkey/turman3.htm |title=Judy Turman: Early Christianity in Turkey |publisher=Socialscience.tjc.edu |access-date=29 June 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021115072135/http://socialscience.tjc.edu/mkho/fulbright/1998/turkey/turman3.htm |archive-date=15 November 2002}}</ref><ref name="xtxpyw">{{cite web |url=http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/seyahat/4407373_p.asp |title=Saffet Emre Tonguç: Ankara (Hürriyet Seyahat) |date=15 May 2006 |publisher=Hurriyet.com.tr |access-date=29 June 2010 |archive-date=8 June 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090608115709/http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/seyahat/4407373_p.asp |url-status=live }}</ref> although this remains a matter of debate.<ref name="Gorny">Gorny, Ronald L. "Zippalanda and Ankuwa: The Geography of Central Anatolia in the Second Millennium B.C." ''The Journal of the American Oriental Society''. Vol. 117 (1997).</ref> In classical antiquity and during the medieval period, the city was known as {{lang|grc-Latn|Ánkyra}} ({{lang|grc|Ἄγκυρα}}, <small>{{abbr|lit|literally}}</small>&nbsp;"[[anchor]]") in [[Ancient Greek|Greek]] and {{lang|la|Ancyra}} in [[Latin]]; the [[Galatian language|Galatian Celtic]] name was probably a similar variant. Following its annexation by the [[Seljuk Turks]] in 1073, the city became known in many European languages as ''Angora''; it was also known in [[Ottoman Turkish language|Ottoman Turkish]] as {{lang|ota-Latn|Engürü}} ({{lang|ota|انگورو}}).{{sfnp/sandbox|Baynes|1878|p=45}}{{sfnp/sandbox|Chisholm|1911|pp=40–41}} The form "Angora" is preserved in the names of breeds of many different kinds of animals, and in the names of several locations in the US (see [[Angora (disambiguation)|Angora]]).

== History ==
{{Main|History of Ankara}}
{{more citations needed|section|date=October 2017}}<!--many paragraphs have no citations-->

[[File:Alacastandarte Hirsch&Löwen.jpg|right|190px|thumb|[[Alaca Höyük bronze standards|Alaca Höyük bronze standard]] on display at the [[Museum of Anatolian Civilizations]], Ankara]]

The region's history can be traced back to the [[Bronze Age]] [[Hattians|Hattic]] [[Hattic language|civilization]], which was succeeded in the 2nd millennium BC by the [[Hittites]], in the 10th century BC by the [[Phrygia]]ns, and later by the [[Lydia]]ns, [[Achaemenid Empire|Persia]]ns, [[Greeks]], [[Galatia]]ns, [[Roman Empire|Romans]], [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantines]], and [[Turkish people|Turks]] (the [[Great Seljuq Empire|Seljuk]] [[Sultanate of Rûm]], the [[Ottoman Empire]] and finally republican [[Turkey|Türkiye]]).

===Celtic history===
[[File:Dying gaul.jpg|thumb|right|The ''[[Dying Galatian]]'' was a famous statue commissioned some time between 230 and 220&nbsp;BC by King [[Attalus I|Attalos I]] of [[Pergamon]] to honor his victory over the [[Celts|Celtic]] [[Galatia]]ns in [[Anatolia]]. Roman marble copy of a [[Hellenistic civilization|Hellenistic]] work of the late 3rd century BC, at the [[Capitoline Museums]], Rome.]]

In 278&nbsp;BC, the city, along with the rest of central Anatolia, was occupied by a [[Celts|Celt]]ic group, the [[Galatia]]ns, who were the first to make Ankara one of their main tribal centers, the headquarters of the [[Tectosages]] tribe.<ref>[[Livy]], xxxviii. 16</ref> Other centers were [[Pessinus]], today's Ballıhisar, for the [[Trocmi]] tribe, and [[Tavium]], to the east of Ankara, for the [[Tolistobogii]] tribe. The city was then known as ''Ancyra''. The Celtic element was probably relatively small in numbers; a warrior aristocracy which ruled over [[Phrygian language|Phrygian]]-speaking peasants. However, the [[Celtic languages|Celtic language]] continued to be spoken in Galatia for many centuries. At the end of the 4th century, [[Jerome|St. Jerome]], a native of Dalmatia, observed that the language spoken around Ankara was very similar to that being spoken in the northwest of the Roman world near [[Trier]].{{sfnp/sandbox|Brinda|Atwood}}

===Roman history===
[[File:Museum of Anatolian Civilizations116.jpg|thumb|Marble head of a Roman woman on display at the [[Museum of Anatolian Civilizations]], Ankara]]

The city was subsequently passed under the control of the [[Roman Empire]]. In 25&nbsp;BC, Emperor [[Augustus]] raised it to the status of a ''[[polis]]'' and made it the capital city of the [[Roman province]] of [[Galatia (Roman province)|Galatia]].<ref name="TIB">{{cite book|last=Belke|first=Klaus|title=Tabula Imperii Byzantini, Band 4: Galatien und Lykaonien|chapter=Ankyra|pages=[https://archive.org/details/tabulaimperiibyz0000unse/page/126 126–130]|location=Vienna|publisher=Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften|year=1984|language=de|isbn=978-3-7001-0634-0|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/tabulaimperiibyz0000unse/page/126}}</ref> Ankara is famous for the ''[[Monumentum Ancyranum]]'' (''Temple of Augustus and Rome'') which contains the official record of the ''Acts of Augustus'', known as the ''[[Res Gestae Divi Augusti]]'', an inscription cut in marble on the walls of this temple. The ruins of Ancyra still furnish today valuable [[relief|bas-relief]]s, inscriptions and other architectural fragments. Two other Galatian tribal centers, [[Tavium]] near [[Yozgat]], and [[Pessinus]] (Balhisar) to the west, near Sivrihisar, continued to be reasonably important settlements in the Roman period, but it was Ancyra that grew into a grand metropolis.{{sfn/sandbox|Sümer|2012}}

[[File:Res Gestae.jpg|thumb|The ''[[Res Gestae Divi Augusti]]'' is the self-laudatory autobiography completed in 13&nbsp;AD, just before his death, by the first [[Roman emperor]] [[Augustus]]. Most of the text is preserved on the walls of the [[Monumentum Ancyranum]].]]
[[File:Ankara Thermen05.jpg|thumb|The [[Roman Baths of Ankara]] were constructed by the Roman emperor [[Caracalla]] (212–217) in honor of [[Asclepios]], the God of Medicine, and built around three principal rooms: the ''[[caldarium]]'' (hot bath), the ''[[tepidarium]]'' (warm bath) and the ''[[frigidarium]]'' (cold bath) in a typically laid-out {{convert|80|x|120|m|adj=on|abbr=off|sp=us}} classical complex.]]

An estimated 200,000 people lived in Ancyra in good times during the Roman Empire, a far greater number than was to be the case from after the fall of the Roman Empire until the early 20th century. The small [[Ankara River]] ran through the center of the Roman town. It has now been covered and diverted, but it formed the northern boundary of the old town during the Roman, Byzantine and Ottoman periods. Çankaya, the rim of the majestic hill to the south of the present city center, stood well outside the Roman city, but may have been a summer resort. In the 19th century, the remains of at least one [[Roman villa]] or large house were still standing not far from where the Çankaya Presidential Residence stands today. To the west, the Roman city extended until the area of the Gençlik Park and Railway Station, while on the southern side of the hill, it may have extended downward as far as the site presently occupied by [[Hacettepe University]]. It was thus a sizeable city by any standards and much larger than the Roman towns of [[Gaul]] or [[Britannia]].{{Citation needed|date=October 2012}}

Ancyra's importance rested on the fact that it was the junction point where the roads in northern Anatolia running north–south and east–west intersected, giving it major strategic importance for Rome's eastern frontier.<ref name="TIB"/> The great imperial road running east passed through Ankara and a succession of emperors and their armies came this way. They were not the only ones to use the Roman highway network, which was equally convenient for invaders. In the second half of the 3rd century, Ancyra was invaded in rapid succession by the [[Goths]] coming from the west (who rode far into the heart of [[Cappadocia]], taking slaves and pillaging) and later by the [[Arab people|Arab]]s. For about a decade, the town was one of the western outposts of one of Palmyrean empress [[Zenobia]] in the [[Syrian Desert]], who took advantage of a period of weakness and disorder in the Roman Empire to set up a short-lived state of her own.

The town was reincorporated into the Roman Empire under Emperor [[Aurelian]] in 272. The [[tetrarchy]], a system of multiple (up to four) emperors introduced by [[Diocletian]] (284–305), seems to have engaged in a substantial program of rebuilding and of road construction from Ancyra westwards to Germe and [[Dorylaeum]] (now [[Eskişehir]]).

In its heyday, Roman Ancyra was a large market and trading center but it also functioned as a major administrative capital, where a high official ruled from the city's Praetorium, a large administrative palace or office. During the 3rd century, life in Ancyra, as in other Anatolian towns, seems to have become somewhat militarized in response to the invasions and instability of the town.

=== Ecclesiastical history ===
Early Christian martyrs of Ancyra, about whom little is known, included Proklos and Hilarios who were natives of the otherwise unknown nearby village of Kallippi, and suffered repression under the emperor [[Trajan]] (98–117). In the 280s we hear of Philumenos, a Christian corn merchant from southern Anatolia, being captured and martyred in Ankara, and Eustathius.

As in other Roman towns, the reign of [[Diocletian]] marked the culmination of the persecution of the Christians. In 303, Ancyra was one of the towns where the co-emperors Diocletian and his deputy [[Galerius]] launched their anti-Christian persecution. In Ancyra, their first target was the 38-year-old Bishop of the town, whose name was Clement. Clement's life describes how he was taken to Rome, then sent back, and forced to undergo many interrogations and hardship before he, and his brother, and various companions were put to death. The remains of the church of [[Clement of Ancyra|St. Clement]] can be found today in a building just off Işıklar Caddesi in the Ulus district. Quite possibly this marks the site where Clement was originally buried. Four years later, a doctor of the town named Plato and his brother Antiochus also became celebrated martyrs under Galerius. [[Theodotus of Ancyra (martyr)|Theodotus of Ancyra]] is also venerated as a saint.{{sfnp/sandbox|Arbez|1907}}

However, the persecution proved unsuccessful and in 314 Ancyra was the center of [[Synod of Ancyra|an important council]] of the [[Early Christianity|early church]];{{sfnp/sandbox|Rockwell|1911}} its 25 disciplinary canons constitute one of the most important documents in the early history of the administration of the [[Confession (religion)|Sacrament of Penance]].{{sfnp/sandbox|Rockwell|1911}} The synod also considered ecclesiastical policy for the reconstruction of the [[Christian Church]] after the persecutions, and in particular the treatment of ''[[Lapsi (Christianity)|lapsi]]''—Christians who had given in to forced [[paganism]] (sacrifices) to avoid [[martyrdom]] during these persecutions.{{sfnp/sandbox|Rockwell|1911}}

Though paganism was probably tottering in Ancyra in Clement's day, it may still have been the majority religion. Twenty years later, Christianity and [[monotheism]] had taken its place. Ancyra quickly turned into a Christian city, with a life dominated by monks and priests and theological disputes. The town council or senate gave way to the bishop as the main local figurehead. During the middle of the 4th century, Ancyra was involved in the complex theological disputes over the nature of Christ, and a form of [[Arianism]] seems to have originated there.{{sfnp/sandbox|Parvis|2006|pp=325–345}}

In 362–363, Emperor Julian passed through Ancyra on his way to an ill-fated campaign against the Persians, and according to Christian sources, engaged in a persecution of various holy men.<ref name=gibbon>{{cite book|last=Gibbon|first=Edward|title=[[The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire]]|author-link=Edward Gibbon|page=Chapter 23}}</ref> The stone base for a statue, with an inscription describing Julian as "Lord of the whole world from the British Ocean to the barbarian nations", can still be seen, built into the eastern side of the inner circuit of the walls of Ankara Castle. The Column of Julian which was erected in honor of the emperor's visit to the city in 362 still stands today. In 375, Arian bishops met at Ancyra and deposed several bishops, among them [[Gregory of Nyssa|St. Gregory of Nyssa]].

In the late 4th century, Ancyra became something of an imperial [[resort|holiday resort]]. After [[Constantinople]] became the [[Byzantine Empire|East Roman]] capital, emperors in the 4th and 5th centuries would retire from the humid summer weather on the [[Bosphorus|Bosporus]] to the drier mountain atmosphere of Ancyra. [[Theodosius II]] (408–450) kept his court in Ancyra in the summers. Laws issued in Ancyra testify to the time they spent there.
[[File:Ottoman_Houses_Ankara.jpg|thumb|Ottoman houses in Hamamönü district]]

The [[Metropolis of Ancyra]] continued to be a residential [[episcopal see|see]] of the [[Eastern Orthodox Church]] until the 20th century, with about 40,000 faithful, mostly Turkish-speaking, but that situation ended as a result of the 1923 [[Convention Concerning the Exchange of Greek and Turkish Populations]]. The earlier [[Armenian genocide]] put an end to the residential eparchy of Ancyra of the [[Armenian Catholic Church]], which had been established in 1850.<ref name="Bull Universi Dominici gregis">[http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k51627x/f401.image Bull ''Universi Dominici gregis''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150330045229/http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k51627x/f401.image |date=30 March 2015 }}, in Giovanni Domenico Mansi, ''Sacrorum Conciliorum Nova et Amplissima Collectio'', vol. XL, coll. 779–780</ref><ref name="gallica.bnf.fr">F. Tournebize, v. ''II. Ancyre, évêché arménien catholique'', in [http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6561037d/f796.image ''Dictionnaire d'Histoire et de Géographie ecclésiastiques''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150628235228/http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6561037d/f796.image |date=28 June 2015 }}, vol. II, Paris 1914, coll. 1543–1546</ref> It is also a titular metropolis of the [[Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople]].{{sfnp/sandbox|Yarshater|1983}}

Both the Ancient Byzantine Metropolitan archbishopric and the 'modern' Armenian eparchy are now listed by the [[Catholic Church]] as [[titular see]]s,<ref>''Annuario Pontificio 2013'' (Libreria Editrice Vaticana 2013 {{ISBN|978-88-209-9070-1}}), p. 832</ref> with separate [[apostolic succession]]s.{{sfnp/sandbox|Ambartsumian|2014}}

=== Seljuk and Ottoman history ===
After the [[Battle of Manzikert]] in 1071, the [[Seljuk Turks]] overran much of Anatolia. By 1073, the Turkish settlers had reached the vicinity of Ancyra, and the city was captured shortly after, at the latest by the time of the rebellion of [[Nikephoros Melissenos]] in 1081.<ref name="TIB"/> In 1101, when the [[Crusade of 1101|Crusade]] under [[Raymond IV of Toulouse]] arrived, the city had been under [[Danishmend]] control for some time. The Crusaders captured the city, and handed it over to the Byzantine emperor [[Alexios I Komnenos]] (r. 1081–1118).<ref name="TIB"/> Byzantine rule did not last long, and the city was captured by the Seljuk [[Sultanate of Rum]] at some unknown point; in 1127, it returned to Danishmend control until 1143, when the Seljuks of Rum retook it.<ref name="TIB"/>

After the [[Battle of Köse Dağ]] in 1243, in which the [[Mongol Empire|Mongols]] defeated the Seljuks, most of Anatolia became part of the dominion of the Mongols. Taking advantage of Seljuk decline, a semi-religious cast of craftsmen and trade people named ''[[Ahis|Ahiler]]'' chose Angora as their independent city-state in 1290. [[Orhan]], the second [[Bey]] of the [[Ottoman Empire]], captured the city in 1356. [[Timur]] defeated [[Bayezid I]] at the [[Battle of Ankara]] in 1402 and took the city, but in 1403 Angora was again under Ottoman control.{{sfnp/sandbox|Gregory|Kazhdan|1991|p=546}}

The [[Levant Company]] maintained a factory in the town from 1639 to 1768.{{sfnp/sandbox|Chisholm|1911|pp=40–41}} In the 19th century, its population was estimated at 20,000 to 60,000.{{sfnp/sandbox|Baynes|1878|p=45}} It was sacked by [[Khedivate of Egypt|Egyptian]]s under [[Ibrahim Pasha of Egypt|Ibrahim Pasha]] in 1832.{{sfnp/sandbox|Chisholm|1911|pp=40–41}}

From 1867 to 1922, the city served as the capital of the [[Angora Vilayet]], which included most of ancient Galatia.{{sfnp/sandbox|Yazıcı|1990}}

Prior to [[World War I]], the town had a [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|British]] [[consul (representative)|consulate]] and a population of around 28,000, roughly {{frac|1|3}} of whom were Christian.{{sfnp/sandbox|Chisholm|1911|pp=40–41}}

== Economy and infrastructure ==
Ankara has long been a productive agricultural region in Anatolia. In the Ottoman period, Ankara was well known for producing grain, cotton, and fruits.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Chen |first=Yuan Julian |date=2021-10-11 |title=Between the Islamic and Chinese Universal Empires: The Ottoman Empire, Ming Dynasty, and Global Age of Explorations |url=https://www.academia.edu/59068575 |journal=Journal of Early Modern History |volume=25 |issue=5 |pages=422–456 |doi=10.1163/15700658-bja10030 |issn=1385-3783 |s2cid=244587800}}</ref>

The city has exported [[mohair]] (from the [[Angora goat]]) and [[Angora wool]] (from the [[Angora rabbit]]) internationally for centuries. In the 19th century, the city also exported substantial amounts of [[Goatskin (material)|goat]] and cat skins, [[gum arabic|gum]], [[beeswax|wax]], [[honey]], berries, and [[madder root]].{{sfnp/sandbox|Baynes|1878|p=45}}{{sfnp/sandbox|Flora of China}} It was connected to [[Istanbul]] by railway before the [[First World War]], continuing to export mohair, wool, berries, and grain.{{sfnp/sandbox|Chisholm|1911|pp=40–41}}

The [[Central Anatolia Region]] is one of the primary locations of grape and [[Turkish wine|wine production in Turkey]], and Ankara is particularly famous for its [[Kalecik Karası]] and [[Muscat (grape and wine)|Muscat grapes]]; and its [[Kavaklıdere (winery)|Kavaklıdere wine]], which is produced in the [[Kavaklıdere, Ankara|Kavaklıdere]] neighborhood within the [[Çankaya, Ankara|Çankaya]] district of the city. Ankara is also famous for its pears. Another renowned natural product of Ankara is its indigenous type of [[honey]] (''Ankara Balı'') which is known for its light color and is mostly produced by the [[Atatürk Forest Farm and Zoo]] in the Gazi district, and by other facilities in the Elmadağ, Çubuk and Beypazarı districts. [[Çubuk-1 Dam|Çubuk-1]] and [[Çubuk-2 Dam|Çubuk-2]] dams on the Çubuk Brook in Ankara were among the first dams constructed in the Turkish Republic.

Ankara is the center of the state-owned and private Turkish [[Arms industry|defence]] and [[Aerospace manufacturer|aerospace]] companies, where the industrial plants and headquarters of the [[Turkish Aerospace Industries]], [[Mechanical and Chemical Industry Corporation (Turkey)|MKE]], [[ASELSAN]], [[HAVELSAN]], [[ROKETSAN]], [[FNSS Defence Systems|FNSS]],<ref>{{cite web |author=FNSS Savunma Sistemleri A.Ş. |title=FNSS Savunma Sistemleri A.Ş. |url=http://www.fnss.com.tr/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140109163928/http://www.fnss.com.tr/ |archive-date=9 January 2014 |access-date=21 March 2011}}</ref> [[Nurol Makina]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Nurol Makina ve Sanayi A.Ş. |url=http://www.nurolmakina.com.tr/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100322233142/http://www.nurolmakina.com.tr/ |archive-date=22 March 2010 |access-date=21 March 2011 |work=nurolmakina.com.tr}}</ref> and numerous other firms are located. Exports to foreign countries from these defense and aerospace firms have steadily increased in the past decades. The [[International Defence Industry Fair|IDEF]] in Ankara is one of the largest international expositions of the global [[arms industry]]. A number of the global [[automotive industry|automotive companies]] also have production facilities in Ankara, such as the German bus and truck manufacturer [[MAN SE]].<ref>{{cite web |title=MAN Turkiye |url=http://www.man.com.tr/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131026043012/http://www.man.com.tr/ |archive-date=26 October 2013 |access-date=31 March 2011 |work=man.com.tr}}</ref> Ankara hosts the [[OSTIM Industrial Zone]], Turkey's largest [[industrial park]].

A large percentage of the complicated employment in Ankara is provided by the state institutions; such as the [[Ministry (government department)|ministries]], subministries, and other administrative bodies of the Turkish government. There are also many foreign citizens working as diplomats or clerks in the [[embassy|embassies]] of their respective countries.

== Main sights ==

====Temple of Augustus and Rome====
<!--linked-->
{{main|Monumentum Ancyranum}}

The Augusteum,{{sfnp/sandbox|Chisholm|1911b|p=953}} now known as the Temple of Augustus and Rome, was built 25&nbsp;{{abbr|x|sometime between}}&nbsp;20&nbsp;BC following the conquest of Central Anatolia by the [[Roman Empire]]. Ancyra then formed the capital of the new [[Roman province|province]] of [[Galatia]]. After the death of [[Augustus]] in AD&nbsp;14, a copy of the text of the ''[[Res Gestae Divi Augusti]]'' (the ''[[Monumentum Ancyranum]]'') was inscribed on the interior of the temple's ''{{lang|la|pronaos}}'' in Latin and a Greek translation on an exterior wall of the ''{{lang|la|cella}}''. The temple on the ancient acropolis of Ancyra was enlarged in the 2nd century and converted into a church in the 5th century. It is located in the Ulus quarter of the city. It was subsequently publicized by the [[Austrian Empire|Austrian]] ambassador [[Ogier Ghiselin de Busbecq]] in the 16th century.

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}
{{Notelist}}

==References==
*{{cite EB9|wstitle=Angora|volume=2|page=45}}
*{{cite EB1911|wstitle=Ancyra|volume=1|date=1911b|page=953}}
*{{cite CE1913 |wstitle=Angora |first=Edward Philip |last=Arbez |volume=1}}
*{{cite book|last=Parvis|first=Sarah|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-jgsQihyWTEC|title=Marcellus of Ancyra And the Lost Years of the Arian Controversy 325–345|place=New York|publisher=Oxford University Press|date=2006|isbn=978-0-19-928013-1}}
*{{cite bryonames |taxon=Dicranidae |access-date=20 November 2024}}
*{{Encyclopædia Iranica Online | title = PERIKHANIAN, ANAHIT | last = Ambartsumian | first = Arthur | authorlink = | url = http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/perikhanian-anahit | year = 2014}}
*{{Encyclopædia Iranica |volume=5 |fascicle=2 |title=Čelebī, ʿĀref |first=Tahsin |last=Yazıcı |pages=121–122 |url=https://iranicaonline.org/articles/celebi-calabi-aref-670-719-1272-1320-the-son-of-baha-al-din-soltan-walad-q }}
*{{ODB|last1=Gregory|first1=T. E.|last2=Kazhdan|first2=A.|title=Crete}}
* {{TDV Encyclopedia of Islam |volume=41 |pages=420–421 |last=Sümer |first=Faruk |title=Turgutlular |url=https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/turgutlular}}
* {{Cambridge History of Iran|volume=3b | last = Yarshater| first = Ehsan| authorlink =  | chapter = Iranian National History| pages=359–481}}
*{{eFloras |2 |200005368 |Pinus thunbergii |family=Pinaceae |first1=Liguo |last1=Fu |first2=Nan |last2=Li |first3=Thomas S. |last3=Elias |first4=Robert R. |last4=Mill |access-date=2018-08-16 |ref={{harvid|Flora of China}}}}
===Attribution===
*{{EB1911|wstitle=Angora|volume=2|date=1911|pages=40–41}}
*{{EB1911|last=Rockwell|first=William Walker|wstitle=Ancyra|volume=1}}

==Further reading==
*{{Cite book |author=Members of Staff of the Museum |year=2006 |title=Guide book to The Museum of Anatolian Civilizations |isbn=978-975-17-2198-3 |publisher="The association for the support and encouragement of the Museum of Anatolian Civilizations." Dönmez offset (Printer) |location=Ankara |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/museumofanatolia0000anad }}